August 2, 2026

Judge leading fast-track paper leak court transferred by Delhi HC NEW DELHI: The Delhi High Court has transferred Special Judge Anu Grover Baliga, who was appointed last month to head the designated fast-track court for paper leak cases, as part of a reshuffle involving 138 judicial officers.Judge Baliga was appointed after the Delhi High Court, on July 23, designated a special court to hear criminal cases related to paper leaks and other unfair practices in public examinations, as cited by PTI.Baliga had spent just over a week at the designated paper leak court after assuming charge on July 25. Special Judge Ajay Gupta, who had earlier been hearing paper leak cases, including the NEET matter, will replace her.According to the Delhi High Court’s transfer order issued on Saturday, Judge Baliga has been posted to a special court constituted under the National Investigation Agency (NIA) Act to hear terrorism-related cases.The High Court also appointed Special Judges Vikas Dhull, Prashant Sharma, Pulastya Pramachala, Kiran Bansal and Amit Bansal to NIA courts dealing with terror cases.Prime Minister Narendra Modi had announced the setting up of fast-track courts to ensure the swift disposal of cases related to paper leaks. Following the announcement, a designated fast-track court was established at Delhi’s Rouse Avenue Courts to hear cases under the Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024, and other related offences. All such cases were ordered to be transferred to the designated court.Join conversationView All Comments →Share your thoughts in the commentsInsightfulAgreeDisagreeSkepticalConcerningPromisingWorth ReadingBig DevelopmentPost CommentBe respectful · TOI community guidelinesThe court held its first hearing in the NEET paper leak case on July 27, but the proceedings were adjourned at the request of the defence counsel. The matter was then listed for Monday for consideration of the CBI’s chargesheet and the bail pleas of two accused.On May 12, the National Testing Agency (NTA) cancelled the National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (Undergraduate), or NEET-UG, conducted on May 3 for medical admissions following allegations of a paper leak. A re-examination was subsequently held on June 21.Get the latest India News and Live updates. Download the TOI app.About the AuthorAadrita HalderWrites on social matters, geopolitics, and trending issues for the Times of India.End of ArticleFollow Us On Social MediaVideosMother Of Noida Teen Seeks Protection, FIR Withdrawal After PM Modi’s Appeal For Compassion’Why Do Killings Happen When…’: Farooq Abdullah’s Remarks On Kulgam Terror Attack Spark BJP-NC RowRam Temple Skit Row: Rahul Gandhi, Pappu Yadav, Awadhesh Prasad BookedPaper Leak Law Passed, But Can Tougher Punishment Alone Stop India’s Endless Exam Leak Crisis?’Pakistan-Based Handles, Suvendu On Target’: Bengal STF Uncovers Shocking ‘Jaish Module”PM Has The Audacity Of Forgiving’: Rahul Gandhi Slams Modi’s Video On Jantar Mantar ‘Abuses”Terrorists Asked Caste, Then Shot’: Family’s Shocking Claim In Kulgam AttackPM Modi Inaugurates ₹5,000 Crore Bhogapuram Airport, Launches ₹17,900 Crore Andhra Projects’Nitin Gadkari Is Scared’: Tehseen Poonawalla Claims House Arrest Before E20 Hunger Strike30+ Dead, 2 Dozen Stuck In Russia As Centre Continues Efforts To Bring Them Home Safely123Photostories7 life lessons from Nirmal Purja, whether you’re a mountaineer or notWhy do some people put a jar of used dry coffee grounds in the fridge? The is what food science saysThese 5 common phrases can quietly damage even the strongest relationships10 vegetables that are more nutritious when cooked than raw7 things you should not discuss, even with your favorite colleagueFrom working non-stop for three days, sleeping in a vanity van during Kasturi to opening up about her late ex-husband’s alcohol addiction: Shubhangi Atre on life and careerWalking after 40? The way you walk may matter more than how long you walk, say fitness expertsThat mouth ulcer has been there for over three weeks? Doctor says waiting any longer could mean missing an important warning signNot planning a trip to Goa in monsoon? 7 things you are missing out on as a travellerInternational Friendship Day: 10 gift ideas for your best friends123Hot PicksHurricane IrmaRuchika SinghRRB Group D Admit CardNEET selective edit windowCommonwealth Games LiveUS work permit feeE20 petrol debateAssam floodsKanwar Yatra 2026Top TrendingSaurav DasBengal JeM Terrorist ArrestedJaisalmer Military Station AccidentCM VijayDehradun Teacher SuicideAnkit Sharma Murder CaseAam Aadmi PartyShraddha Walkar Murder CaseMumbai Building CollapseStock Market Up

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Judge leading fast-track paper leak court transferred by Delhi HC NEW DELHI: The Delhi High Court has transferred Special Judge Anu Grover Baliga, who was appointed last month to head the designated fast-track court for paper leak cases, as part of a reshuffle involving 138 judicial officers.Judge Baliga was appointed after the Delhi High Court, on July 23, designated a special court to hear criminal cases related to paper leaks and other unfair practices in public examinations, as cited by PTI.Baliga had spent just over a week at the designated paper leak court after assuming charge on July 25. Special Judge Ajay Gupta, who had earlier been hearing paper leak cases, including the NEET matter, will replace her.According to the Delhi High Court’s transfer order issued on Saturday, Judge Baliga has been posted to a special court constituted under the National Investigation Agency (NIA) Act to hear terrorism-related cases.The High Court also appointed Special Judges Vikas Dhull, Prashant Sharma, Pulastya Pramachala, Kiran Bansal and Amit Bansal to NIA courts dealing with terror cases.Prime Minister Narendra Modi had announced the setting up of fast-track courts to ensure the swift disposal of cases related to paper leaks. Following the announcement, a designated fast-track court was established at Delhi’s Rouse Avenue Courts to hear cases under the Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024, and other related offences. All such cases were ordered to be transferred to the designated court.Join conversationView All Comments →Share your thoughts in the commentsInsightfulAgreeDisagreeSkepticalConcerningPromisingWorth ReadingBig DevelopmentPost CommentBe respectful · TOI community guidelinesThe court held its first hearing in the NEET paper leak case on July 27, but the proceedings were adjourned at the request of the defence counsel. The matter was then listed for Monday for consideration of the CBI’s chargesheet and the bail pleas of two accused.On May 12, the National Testing Agency (NTA) cancelled the National Eligibility-cum-Entrance Test (Undergraduate), or NEET-UG, conducted on May 3 for medical admissions following allegations of a paper leak. A re-examination was subsequently held on June 21.Get the latest India News and Live updates. Download the TOI app.About the AuthorAadrita HalderWrites on social matters, geopolitics, and trending issues for the Times of India.End of ArticleFollow Us On Social MediaVideosMother Of Noida Teen Seeks Protection, FIR Withdrawal After PM Modi’s Appeal For Compassion’Why Do Killings Happen When…’: Farooq Abdullah’s Remarks On Kulgam Terror Attack Spark BJP-NC RowRam Temple Skit Row: Rahul Gandhi, Pappu Yadav, Awadhesh Prasad BookedPaper Leak Law Passed, But Can Tougher Punishment Alone Stop India’s Endless Exam Leak Crisis?’Pakistan-Based Handles, Suvendu On Target’: Bengal STF Uncovers Shocking ‘Jaish Module”PM Has The Audacity Of Forgiving’: Rahul Gandhi Slams Modi’s Video On Jantar Mantar ‘Abuses”Terrorists Asked Caste, Then Shot’: Family’s Shocking Claim In Kulgam AttackPM Modi Inaugurates ₹5,000 Crore Bhogapuram Airport, Launches ₹17,900 Crore Andhra Projects’Nitin Gadkari Is Scared’: Tehseen Poonawalla Claims House Arrest Before E20 Hunger Strike30+ Dead, 2 Dozen Stuck In Russia As Centre Continues Efforts To Bring Them Home Safely123Photostories7 life lessons from Nirmal Purja, whether you’re a mountaineer or notWhy do some people put a jar of used dry coffee grounds in the fridge? The is what food science saysThese 5 common phrases can quietly damage even the strongest relationships10 vegetables that are more nutritious when cooked than raw7 things you should not discuss, even with your favorite colleagueFrom working non-stop for three days, sleeping in a vanity van during Kasturi to opening up about her late ex-husband’s alcohol addiction: Shubhangi Atre on life and careerWalking after 40? The way you walk may matter more than how long you walk, say fitness expertsThat mouth ulcer has been there for over three weeks? Doctor says waiting any longer could mean missing an important warning signNot planning a trip to Goa in monsoon? 7 things you are missing out on as a travellerInternational Friendship Day: 10 gift ideas for your best friends123Hot PicksHurricane IrmaRuchika SinghRRB Group D Admit CardNEET selective edit windowCommonwealth Games LiveUS work permit feeE20 petrol debateAssam floodsKanwar Yatra 2026Top TrendingSaurav DasBengal JeM Terrorist ArrestedJaisalmer Military Station AccidentCM VijayDehradun Teacher SuicideAnkit Sharma Murder CaseAam Aadmi PartyShraddha Walkar Murder CaseMumbai Building CollapseStock Market Up


Delhi HC transfers special judge assigned to paper leak cases a week after taking charge
Judge leading fast-track paper leak court transferred by Delhi HC

NEW DELHI: The Delhi High Court has transferred Special Judge Anu Grover Baliga, who was appointed last month to head the designated fast-track court for paper leak cases, as part of a reshuffle involving 138 judicial officers.Judge Baliga was appointed after the Delhi High Court, on July 23, designated a special court to hear criminal cases related to paper leaks and other unfair practices in public examinations, as cited by PTI.Baliga had spent just over a week at the designated paper leak court after assuming charge on July 25. Special Judge Ajay Gupta, who had earlier been hearing paper leak cases, including the NEET matter, will replace her.According to the Delhi High Court’s transfer order issued on Saturday, Judge Baliga has been posted to a special court constituted under the National Investigation Agency (NIA) Act to hear terrorism-related cases.The High Court also appointed Special Judges Vikas Dhull, Prashant Sharma, Pulastya Pramachala, Kiran Bansal and Amit Bansal to NIA courts dealing with terror cases.Prime Minister Narendra Modi had announced the setting up of fast-track courts to ensure the swift disposal of cases related to paper leaks. Following the announcement, a designated fast-track court was established at Delhi’s Rouse Avenue Courts to hear cases under the Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024, and other related offences. All such cases were ordered to be transferred to the designated court.

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Sheikh Hasina; Taslima Nasreen NEW DELHI: Exiled Bangladeshi author Taslima Nasreen on Sunday criticised the ban on former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s Awami League party, calling it a “move against democracy” and expressing uncertainty over Hasina’s return to the country.“No political party should be banned. The manner in which Sheikh Hasina was forced to leave the country is questionable. It was not right to ban the Awami League. It was a move against democracy. I want the ban to be lifted as soon as possible,” Nasreen told reporters at a press conference in Kolkata. Watch CJP Storm: Taslima Nasreen’s ‘Frighting Darkness’ Lesson For India; Shows B’Desh, Nepal MirrorSheikh Hasina has been living in Delhi since August 5, 2024, after resigning as prime minister following weeks of student-led protests. The interim government led by Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus, which took charge after the fall of the Awami League administration, banned the party in May 2025 under anti-terrorism laws. Watch From India, Sheikh Hasina Announces Plan to Return to Bangladesh This YearMeanwhile, Nasreen alleged that several Awami League workers had been tortured and killed during Sheikh Hasina’s exile and expressed uncertainty over whether the former prime minister would be able to return to Bangladesh.“Many Awami League workers were tortured and murdered. Sheikh Hasina wants to return, but I do not know whether that will be possible. But no one wants me to go back,” she said.Nasreen also criticised Jamaat-e-Islami, now Bangladesh’s principal opposition party, accusing it of opposing women’s equality and seeking the imposition of Sharia law.“Now we have Jamaat-e-Islami as an opposition party. It is against women’s equality, and they want Sharia rule. If that happens, no minority will survive. Bangladesh is moving towards darkness. No one is trying to civilise Bangladesh. The government is only trying to remain in power,” she added.The 63-year-old author further claimed that “hatred against Hindus” was being spread in some madrasas and mosques in Bangladesh.“In many madrasas and mosques, hatred is being taught against Hindus,” Nasreen remarked.Nasreen backs Uniform Civil Code, calls it necessary for women’s equalityTurning to the issue of the Uniform Civil Code (UCC), Nasreen said she had been advocating for such a law for the past 40 years and described it as essential in any “civilised country”.“I have been fighting for the UCC for the past 40 years. This is much needed in any civilised country,” she remarked.She claimed that religious laws continued to affect women’s rights in Bangladesh, alleging that Hindu women in the country lacked adequate legal protections, including the right to divorce.“In Bangladesh, Hindu girls have no rights; they do not even have the right to divorce. Due to religious laws, women are suffering. Hindus are being tortured in Bangladesh. During the Yunus regime, Hindus were tortured even more,” she alleged.In July, the BJP-led West Bengal government constituted a nine-member expert committee headed by retired Supreme Court judge Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai to examine and finalise a draft UCC for the state. The state government plans to introduce the legislation during the upcoming August Assembly session.Join conversationView All Comments →Share your thoughts in the commentsInsightfulAgreeDisagreeSkepticalConcerningPromisingWorth ReadingBig DevelopmentPost CommentBe respectful · TOI community guidelinesNasreen, who has lived in exile since 1994, when she was forced to leave Bangladesh due to the threat from Islamic radicals over her work, returned to Kolkata nearly two decades. She was forced to leave the city in 2007 following protests over her writings and memoir Dwikhandito (Split into Two), published in 2003.(With ANI inputs) Get the latest India News and Live updates. 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Sheikh Hasina; Taslima Nasreen NEW DELHI: Exiled Bangladeshi author Taslima Nasreen on Sunday criticised the ban on former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina’s Awami League party, calling it a “move against democracy” and expressing uncertainty over Hasina’s return to the country.“No political party should be banned. The manner in which Sheikh Hasina was forced to leave the country is questionable. It was not right to ban the Awami League. It was a move against democracy. I want the ban to be lifted as soon as possible,” Nasreen told reporters at a press conference in Kolkata. Watch CJP Storm: Taslima Nasreen’s ‘Frighting Darkness’ Lesson For India; Shows B’Desh, Nepal MirrorSheikh Hasina has been living in Delhi since August 5, 2024, after resigning as prime minister following weeks of student-led protests. The interim government led by Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus, which took charge after the fall of the Awami League administration, banned the party in May 2025 under anti-terrorism laws. Watch From India, Sheikh Hasina Announces Plan to Return to Bangladesh This YearMeanwhile, Nasreen alleged that several Awami League workers had been tortured and killed during Sheikh Hasina’s exile and expressed uncertainty over whether the former prime minister would be able to return to Bangladesh.“Many Awami League workers were tortured and murdered. Sheikh Hasina wants to return, but I do not know whether that will be possible. But no one wants me to go back,” she said.Nasreen also criticised Jamaat-e-Islami, now Bangladesh’s principal opposition party, accusing it of opposing women’s equality and seeking the imposition of Sharia law.“Now we have Jamaat-e-Islami as an opposition party. It is against women’s equality, and they want Sharia rule. If that happens, no minority will survive. Bangladesh is moving towards darkness. No one is trying to civilise Bangladesh. 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Hindus are being tortured in Bangladesh. During the Yunus regime, Hindus were tortured even more,” she alleged.In July, the BJP-led West Bengal government constituted a nine-member expert committee headed by retired Supreme Court judge Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai to examine and finalise a draft UCC for the state. The state government plans to introduce the legislation during the upcoming August Assembly session.Join conversationView All Comments →Share your thoughts in the commentsInsightfulAgreeDisagreeSkepticalConcerningPromisingWorth ReadingBig DevelopmentPost CommentBe respectful · TOI community guidelinesNasreen, who has lived in exile since 1994, when she was forced to leave Bangladesh due to the threat from Islamic radicals over her work, returned to Kolkata nearly two decades. She was forced to leave the city in 2007 following protests over her writings and memoir Dwikhandito (Split into Two), published in 2003.(With ANI inputs) Get the latest India News and Live updates. 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He also writes explainers to make these stories easier for readers to follow.Read MoreEnd of ArticleFollow Us On Social MediaVideos‘Mekedatu Dam Is Permanent Solution’: Karnataka CM Shivakumar After All-Party Meet On Cauvery Water’₹18 Crore Stolen Every Year’ At Mumbai’s Siddhivinayak Temple: Raj Thackeray’s Donation Theft Claim‘Enemy Nations Conspiring To Hurt India’: PM Modi During ‘Nasha Mukt Yuva’ Campaign LaunchIndian Navy Launches Final Diving Support Craft, Completes Indigenous Five Ship ProgrammeMother Of Noida Teen Seeks Protection, FIR Withdrawal After PM Modi’s Appeal For Compassion’Why Do Killings Happen When…’: Farooq Abdullah’s Remarks On Kulgam Terror Attack Spark BJP-NC RowRam Temple Skit Row: Rahul Gandhi, Pappu Yadav, Awadhesh Prasad BookedPaper Leak Law Passed, But Can Tougher Punishment Alone Stop India’s Endless Exam Leak Crisis?’Pakistan-Based Handles, Suvendu On Target’: Bengal STF Uncovers Shocking ‘Jaish Module”PM Has The Audacity Of Forgiving’: Rahul Gandhi Slams Modi’s Video On Jantar Mantar ‘Abuses’123Photostories7 incredible hair spa benefits that will actually transform your locksBrain teaser: Only sharp eyes can spot 1 out of 20 giraffes without a twin in 10 seconds in this safari landscapeMenstrual struggles nobody prepares young girls for: Doctor explains the symptoms that shouldn’t be dismissed as ‘part of growing up’7 things worth letting go of before the year comes to an endJanhvi Kapoor served four bridesmaid looks and every wedding guest just got fashion anxietyThe science behind tadka and why this simple technique does more than add flavour5 best ways to make money as a student in India without affecting your studies5 Succulent plants perfect for small indoor gardensKatrina Kaif’s makeup artist Daniel Bauer reveals the right way to clean your makeup brushesWhy Gen Z dates so differently: 5 relationship trends millennials find hard to decode123Hot PicksHurricane IrmaRuchika SinghRRB Group D Admit CardNEET selective edit windowCommonwealth Games LiveUS work permit feeE20 petrol debateAssam floodsKanwar Yatra 2026Top TrendingMohammad Hamim MondalWeather TomorrowArpita SarkarAbhijeet Dipke Family FinancesPM ModiNoida Woman ArrestAmit ShahKulgam Terror AttackMumbai Building CollapseStock Market Up

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Shehzad Poonawalla; Rahul Gandhi NEW DELHI: Former BJP spokesperson Shehzad Poonawalla on Sunday took a swipe at Rahul Gandhi over his Friendship Day message for Gen Z, referring to the Korean finger heart emoji in the Congress MP’s social media post as “counting fingers”, accusing the Gandhi family and the grand old party of corruption.Poonawalla, a former Congress spokesperson, resigned from the BJP in a surprise move on Friday. He has frequently targeted Rahul Gandhi since leaving the Congress.“No, no, no, don’t mistake it for the Korean heart gesture shared on Friendship Day,” Poonawalla said in a video posted on X, claiming that the gesture was “nothing new” for Rahul Gandhi and the Congress.“Rahul Gandhi ji said, ‘Still a student, learning something new every day.’ But this is not a new gesture for him. This is not a Korean heart… this is counting fingers,” he remarked, placing a few currency notes between his fingers to mimic the Korean finger heart gesture.He continued: “Counting corruption every day. Taking corruption bribes every day. The Gandhi family has more than an apprenticeship in this — they have a PhD. Ask the Karnataka government… ‘counting fingers.’ Happy Friendship Day.”Earlier in the day, Rahul Gandhi, in an apparent attempt to connect with Gen Z, posted a photo on Instagram and wrote: “Still a student, still learning something new every day. Today’s lesson: it’s Friendship Day and this 🫰 is a heart. Happy Friendship Day, everyone. Lots of love!”Join conversationView All Comments →Share your thoughts in the commentsInsightfulAgreeDisagreeSkepticalConcerningPromisingWorth ReadingBig DevelopmentPost CommentBe respectful · TOI community guidelinesIn the photo, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha is seen wearing his trademark white shirt and making the popular Korean finger heart gesture.The Wayanad MP has increasingly used social media to engage with younger audiences in recent years.The outreach comes at a time when student and youth issues have gained renewed political attention, including after recent protests in Delhi that culminated in the resignation of Dharmendra Pradhan as Union education minister.Get the latest India News and Live updates. Download the TOI app.About the AuthorTOI News DeskThe TOI News Desk comprises a dedicated and tireless team of journalists who operate around the clock to deliver the most current and comprehensive news and updates to the readers of The Times of India worldwide. With an unwavering commitment to excellence in journalism, our team is at the forefront of gathering, verifying, and presenting breaking news, in-depth analysis, and insightful reports on a wide range of topics. The TOI News Desk is your trusted source for staying informed and connected to the ever-evolving global landscape, ensuring that our readers are equipped with the latest developments that matter most.”Read MoreEnd of ArticleFollow Us On Social MediaVideos‘Mekedatu Dam Is Permanent Solution’: Karnataka CM Shivakumar After All-Party Meet On Cauvery Water’₹18 Crore Stolen Every Year’ At Mumbai’s Siddhivinayak Temple: Raj Thackeray’s Donation Theft Claim‘Enemy Nations Conspiring To Hurt India’: PM Modi During ‘Nasha Mukt Yuva’ Campaign LaunchIndian Navy Launches Final Diving Support Craft, Completes Indigenous Five Ship ProgrammeMother Of Noida Teen Seeks Protection, FIR Withdrawal After PM Modi’s Appeal For Compassion’Why Do Killings Happen When…’: Farooq Abdullah’s Remarks On Kulgam Terror Attack Spark BJP-NC RowRam Temple Skit Row: Rahul Gandhi, Pappu Yadav, Awadhesh Prasad BookedPaper Leak Law Passed, But Can Tougher Punishment Alone Stop India’s Endless Exam Leak Crisis?’Pakistan-Based Handles, Suvendu On Target’: Bengal STF Uncovers Shocking ‘Jaish Module”PM Has The Audacity Of Forgiving’: Rahul Gandhi Slams Modi’s Video On Jantar Mantar ‘Abuses’123Photostories7 incredible hair spa benefits that will actually transform your locksBrain teaser: Only sharp eyes can spot 1 out of 20 giraffes without a twin in 10 seconds in this safari landscapeMenstrual struggles nobody prepares young girls for: Doctor explains the symptoms that shouldn’t be dismissed as ‘part of growing up’7 things worth letting go of before the year comes to an endJanhvi Kapoor served four bridesmaid looks and every wedding guest just got fashion anxietyThe science behind tadka and why this simple technique does more than add flavour5 best ways to make money as a student in India without affecting your studies5 Succulent plants perfect for small indoor gardensKatrina Kaif’s makeup artist Daniel Bauer reveals the right way to clean your makeup brushesWhy Gen Z dates so differently: 5 relationship trends millennials find hard to decode123Hot PicksHurricane IrmaRuchika SinghRRB Group D Admit CardNEET selective edit windowCommonwealth Games LiveUS work permit feeE20 petrol debateAssam floodsKanwar Yatra 2026Top TrendingMohammad Hamim MondalWeather TomorrowArpita SarkarAbhijeet Dipke Family FinancesPM ModiNoida Woman ArrestAmit ShahKulgam Terror AttackMumbai Building CollapseStock Market Up

Shehzad Poonawalla; Rahul Gandhi NEW DELHI: Former BJP spokesperson Shehzad Poonawalla on Sunday took a swipe at Rahul Gandhi over his Friendship Day message for Gen Z, referring to the Korean finger heart emoji in the Congress MP’s social media post as “counting fingers”, accusing the Gandhi family and the grand old party of corruption.Poonawalla, a former Congress spokesperson, resigned from the BJP in a surprise move on Friday. He has frequently targeted Rahul Gandhi since leaving the Congress.“No, no, no, don’t mistake it for the Korean heart gesture shared on Friendship Day,” Poonawalla said in a video posted on X, claiming that the gesture was “nothing new” for Rahul Gandhi and the Congress.“Rahul Gandhi ji said, ‘Still a student, learning something new every day.’ But this is not a new gesture for him. This is not a Korean heart… this is counting fingers,” he remarked, placing a few currency notes between his fingers to mimic the Korean finger heart gesture.He continued: “Counting corruption every day. Taking corruption bribes every day. The Gandhi family has more than an apprenticeship in this — they have a PhD. Ask the Karnataka government… ‘counting fingers.’ Happy Friendship Day.”Earlier in the day, Rahul Gandhi, in an apparent attempt to connect with Gen Z, posted a photo on Instagram and wrote: “Still a student, still learning something new every day. Today’s lesson: it’s Friendship Day and this 🫰 is a heart. Happy Friendship Day, everyone. Lots of love!”Join conversationView All Comments →Share your thoughts in the commentsInsightfulAgreeDisagreeSkepticalConcerningPromisingWorth ReadingBig DevelopmentPost CommentBe respectful · TOI community guidelinesIn the photo, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha is seen wearing his trademark white shirt and making the popular Korean finger heart gesture.The Wayanad MP has increasingly used social media to engage with younger audiences in recent years.The outreach comes at a time when student and youth issues have gained renewed political attention, including after recent protests in Delhi that culminated in the resignation of Dharmendra Pradhan as Union education minister.Get the latest India News and Live updates. Download the TOI app.About the AuthorTOI News DeskThe TOI News Desk comprises a dedicated and tireless team of journalists who operate around the clock to deliver the most current and comprehensive news and updates to the readers of The Times of India worldwide. With an unwavering commitment to excellence in journalism, our team is at the forefront of gathering, verifying, and presenting breaking news, in-depth analysis, and insightful reports on a wide range of topics. The TOI News Desk is your trusted source for staying informed and connected to the ever-evolving global landscape, ensuring that our readers are equipped with the latest developments that matter most.”Read MoreEnd of ArticleFollow Us On Social MediaVideos‘Mekedatu Dam Is Permanent Solution’: Karnataka CM Shivakumar After All-Party Meet On Cauvery Water’₹18 Crore Stolen Every Year’ At Mumbai’s Siddhivinayak Temple: Raj Thackeray’s Donation Theft Claim‘Enemy Nations Conspiring To Hurt India’: PM Modi During ‘Nasha Mukt Yuva’ Campaign LaunchIndian Navy Launches Final Diving Support Craft, Completes Indigenous Five Ship ProgrammeMother Of Noida Teen Seeks Protection, FIR Withdrawal After PM Modi’s Appeal For Compassion’Why Do Killings Happen When…’: Farooq Abdullah’s Remarks On Kulgam Terror Attack Spark BJP-NC RowRam Temple Skit Row: Rahul Gandhi, Pappu Yadav, Awadhesh Prasad BookedPaper Leak Law Passed, But Can Tougher Punishment Alone Stop India’s Endless Exam Leak Crisis?’Pakistan-Based Handles, Suvendu On Target’: Bengal STF Uncovers Shocking ‘Jaish Module”PM Has The Audacity Of Forgiving’: Rahul Gandhi Slams Modi’s Video On Jantar Mantar ‘Abuses’123Photostories7 incredible hair spa benefits that will actually transform your locksBrain teaser: Only sharp eyes can spot 1 out of 20 giraffes without a twin in 10 seconds in this safari landscapeMenstrual struggles nobody prepares young girls for: Doctor explains the symptoms that shouldn’t be dismissed as ‘part of growing up’7 things worth letting go of before the year comes to an endJanhvi Kapoor served four bridesmaid looks and every wedding guest just got fashion anxietyThe science behind tadka and why this simple technique does more than add flavour5 best ways to make money as a student in India without affecting your studies5 Succulent plants perfect for small indoor gardensKatrina Kaif’s makeup artist Daniel Bauer reveals the right way to clean your makeup brushesWhy Gen Z dates so differently: 5 relationship trends millennials find hard to decode123Hot PicksHurricane IrmaRuchika SinghRRB Group D Admit CardNEET selective edit windowCommonwealth Games LiveUS work permit feeE20 petrol debateAssam floodsKanwar Yatra 2026Top TrendingMohammad Hamim MondalWeather TomorrowArpita SarkarAbhijeet Dipke Family FinancesPM ModiNoida Woman ArrestAmit ShahKulgam Terror AttackMumbai Building CollapseStock Market Up

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This is a representative AI image (Chatgpt) Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis transformed an ordinary man into a giant insect to explore alienation, helplessness and the dehumanising pressures of modern life.More than a century later, India’s self-styled Cockroach Janta Party (CJP) has adopted a similarly unsettling symbol, not to tell a work of fiction, but to express the frustrations of a generation increasingly unsure whether years of education, expensive coaching and relentless competition will ever translate into a stable job.What began as a social media sensation with a strong and straightforward satirical structure, quickly evolved into one of the country’s biggest youth-led movements in recent years.Calling itself the “voice of the lazy and unemployed,” the movement grew from memes mocking joblessness, paper leaks, inflation and the political establishment into street protests.The protest may have become a trigger for a generation already grappling with shrinking employment opportunities, rising educational costs and growing uncertainty about the future.And at its heart lies a simple question: what happens when an economy produces millions of graduates every year but fails to create enough quality jobs?According to veteran economist Arun Kumar, a retired professor at JNU, “This unemployment crisis has created a huge gap between expectations and reality.””Young people earn degrees believing they will secure good jobs, but when those jobs do not materialise, they continue preparing for competitive examinations year after year. Many take these exams four, five or even six times because they still hope to secure an organised sector job. Their parents also encourage them because they know such jobs offer stable salaries and social security,” he said.“But the increasing privatisation of education has intensified competition. Coaching institutes want to showcase high success rates because that is their biggest selling point. That creates incentives for unethical practices, including paper leaks. The greater the privatisation, the greater the pressure to resort to illegal methods to ensure students succeed. Fake degrees, cheating and question paper leaks are all symptoms of a much deeper problem. They are linked to unemployment and the shortage of quality jobs in the organised sector,” he added. India’s employment challengeIndia has spent decades expanding access to higher education. Universities have multiplied, enrollment has surged and millions of families have invested heavily in degrees, viewing education as the surest path to upward mobility.The numbers tell a remarkable story. According to the State of Working India 2026 report by Azim Premji University, the number of young graduates in India increased nearly 13-fold, rising from around 5 million in 1983 to 63 million in 2023.But while the supply of graduates has grown rapidly, employment opportunities have not kept pace.The report estimates that graduate unemployment among people below the age of 25 is now close to 40%, while graduates accounted for nearly two-thirds of India’s unemployed population in 2023.Even more striking is the rise in the number of unemployed graduates, which has increased from less than one million in 1983 to around 11 million in 2023, a 16-fold increase over four decades.The mismatch between education and employment has widened steadily since the mid-2000s as higher education expanded much faster than the creation of quality jobs. For millions of families, earning a college degree no longer guarantees stable employment or financial security.Recent government data suggest that the challenge is becoming even more severe.According to the government’s flagship Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), unemployment among Indians aged 15 to 29 rose to 16.2% in June, the highest level recorded since monthly estimates became available in April 2025. At that time, youth unemployment stood at 13.8%.The ministry of statistics and programme implementation (MoSPI) has cautioned that monthly figures may fluctuate because of seasonal factors, academic cycles and the increased frequency of surveys. Even so, the latest numbers are significant because they fit into a broader pattern rather than representing an isolated spike. Youth unemployment has increased across all six categories tracked by the survey, urban and rural areas, men and women alike, during the 15 months for which monthly data are available.At the same time, the Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) among young people has declined from 42.7% to 40.3%. In simple terms, fewer young people are actively looking for work.Ordinarily, such a decline would be expected to reduce unemployment because fewer people are participating in the labour market. Instead, unemployment has continued to rise, suggesting that the economy is not generating enough opportunities even for the shrinking pool of job seekers.Annual PLFS data reinforce the same trend. Between 2022 and 2025, youth unemployment increased in 13 states and Union Territories, including Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Telangana and West Bengal.The situation appears even more challenging for young women, with unemployment rising across 16 states and Union Territories during the same period.Taken together, the figures suggest that youth unemployment is becoming a structural challenge rather than a temporary fluctuation.The problem isn’t just unemployment, it’s job qualityHeadline unemployment figures often fail to capture the deeper challenges within India’s labour market. Many graduates do find work, but not necessarily the kind of work they expected after spending years in higher education.Economist Arun Kumar said that the root of the problem is the sharp divide between India’s organised and unorganised sectors.”When unemployment rises, it inevitably leads to greater conflict because there are too few jobs for too many people. In India, this problem is even more pronounced because the unorganised sector employs around 94% of the workforce, while the organised sector employs only about 6%. The difference in wages and job security between these two sectors is enormous. A courier delivery worker may earn around Rs 10,000-12,000 a month, whereas a postman can earn around Rs 70,000. Naturally, nobody wants to lose an organised sector job, and everyone wants to secure one. That intense competition creates immense pressure,” he added. An analysis of India’s Periodic Labour Force Survey illustrates this disconnect. Out of every 100 graduates aged between 15 and 29, only 50 are employed, 15 remain unemployed while actively searching for work, and the remaining 35 are outside the labour force altogether.Some continue their education. Others perform unpaid domestic work or have simply stopped looking for employment after repeated disappointments.Even among those who are employed, the quality of jobs remains a major concern. Only 26 out of every 100 graduates have regular salaried jobs. More strikingly, just four hold formal jobs that provide written contracts, paid leave and social security benefits.The remaining graduates are spread across self-employment, unpaid family work, casual labour and small household enterprises. Many earn irregular incomes and lack job security despite years spent pursuing higher education.The figures highlight a growing reality in India’s labour market: employment alone is no longer an adequate measure of economic well-being. The challenge is increasingly about the availability of secure, productive and reasonably paid jobs.Why educated youth feel left behindThe employment crisis begins long before students enter the labour market. Competition for limited seats in prestigious colleges has transformed education itself into an expensive investment.Government survey data show that Indian households now spend a significantly larger share of their education budgets on private coaching than they did seven years ago.The sharpest increase has been among higher secondary students preparing for engineering, medical and university entrance examinations.Families now spend nearly one-fourth of their higher secondary education budgets on coaching, compared with about 18% in 2018.Private coaching expenses have also increased steadily across primary, middle and secondary education, reflecting a growing belief that classroom teaching alone is no longer sufficient to compete in high-stakes entrance examinations.The pressure becomes particularly visible in engineering education. India had around 4.4 million undergraduate engineering students during the 2023-24 academic year. Yet the country’s top 100 engineering institutions together offered only about 500,000 seats.In effect, only one in nine engineering students can study at an institution widely regarded as offering strong placements and better career prospects.Students who fail to secure admission to elite institutions often graduate from colleges with weaker placement records, making it significantly harder to obtain well-paying jobs.The widening gap between educational aspirations and employment outcomes has created growing frustration among young people. The traditional promise that more education automatically leads to better employment is becoming increasingly uncertain.According to the State of Working India 2026 report, fewer than 7% of male graduates secure a permanent salaried job within one year of graduating. The figure is even lower, just 3.7%, when it comes to white-collar jobs.Using data from the PLFS and the earlier Employment-Unemployment Survey, the report estimates that 1.1 crore out of India’s 6.3 crore graduates aged between 20 and 29 were unemployed in 2023.Graduate unemployment itself is not a new phenomenon. The report estimates that unemployment among graduates below the age of 25 increased from 35.02% in 1983 to 39.33% in 2023.What has changed, however, is the scale of the problem. India now produces far more graduates than ever before, while simultaneously entering the most important phase of its demographic transition.The country’s median age currently stands at around 29 years and is expected to rise to 38 years by 2050.This is the period during which India’s working-age population is expected to drive economic growth. If the economy fails to generate enough productive employment during this demographic window, the much-discussed demographic dividend could gradually turn into a demographic challenge.India’s employment paradoxIndia today is one of the world’s fastest-growing major economies. Even amid geopolitical tensions, volatile oil prices and slowing global trade, the country has continued to post robust GDP growth and position itself as a manufacturing and investment hub.The government has invested heavily in highways, airports, railways, ports and digital infrastructure. Global technology companies such as Apple have expanded manufacturing in India, electronics exports have surged and semiconductor investments are beginning to gather pace. Policymakers increasingly see manufacturing as the sector that can absorb millions of workers and turn India’s demographic advantage into sustained economic growth.Yet for many young Indians entering the labour market, this optimism feels distant. The central contradiction facing the Indian economy is that rapid economic growth has not translated into an equivalent expansion in quality employment. Economists often describe this phenomenon as “jobless growth”, an economy that continues to grow without creating enough secure and productive jobs.India’s challenge is especially daunting because nearly eight million graduates enter the labour market every year. Generating employment for such a large number of educated young people has become one of the country’s biggest economic challenges.This gap between economic growth and employment opportunities lies at the heart of the frustration that has fuelled recent youth protests.Is India creating enough jobs?Whether India is creating enough jobs depends largely on which dataset is examined. The Reserve Bank of India’s KLEMS database estimated that the economy generated 4.7 crore jobs during 2023-24, the highest annual increase in more than four decades.However, labour economists caution against looking at headline employment numbers alone.Employment estimates differ across official surveys because they use different methodologies. More importantly, the definition of employment itself often masks the underlying quality of jobs being created.For instance, India’s labour surveys classify a person as employed if they have worked even for a few days during the reference period. Likewise, unpaid family workers and subsistence self-employed individuals are counted as employed despite earning little or no regular income.As a result, headline employment figures may paint a healthier picture than what many young workers experience in reality. Increasingly, economists argue that the more important question is no longer how many jobs India is creating, but what kind of jobs they are.The informal sector is slowing tooFor decades, India’s informal economy acted as a safety valve for the labour market. Workers unable to secure formal employment often found opportunities in small businesses, family enterprises, retail trade or self-employment.However, even this safety net appears to be weakening.According to the ministry of statistics and programme implementation’s latest Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises (ASUSE), the informal sector generated around 74.5 lakh jobs in 2025, significantly lower than the 1.1 crore jobs created during the previous survey period ending September 2024.Wage growth has also slowed sharply. Average wage growth in the sector declined to 3.9%, compared with 13% previously, suggesting that even workers who manage to find employment are seeing slower improvements in earnings.The figures reinforce concerns that employment opportunities are weakening across both formal and informal sectors, making it increasingly difficult for young people to find stable livelihoods.India’s employment quality lags behind peersIndia’s labour market also differs from many comparable economies because of the quality of employment available.International comparisons reveal another structural weakness: the quality of employment. Labour market studies show that around 93% of employed workers in Russia hold regular jobs. The share is about 68% in Brazil, 54% in China and 42% in Bangladesh, the PLFS 2022-23 & Jan-Mar 2024 data reported.In India, by contrast, only about 23% of workers are in regular salaried employment.This means that nearly three-fourths of Indian workers remain outside the formal sector, without written contracts, paid leave, provident fund benefits or social security.The shortage of secure employment also explains the extraordinary demand for government jobs. Whether it is railways, banking, the armed forces, civil services or state recruitment examinations, millions of candidates compete for relatively few vacancies because government employment still offers something much of the private sector cannot consistently provide stability.A government job often brings predictable salaries, pensions, housing allowances, healthcare benefits and long-term security.For many young Indians, particularly those from middle- and lower-income households, these jobs represent far more than employment. They represent financial stability for entire families.According to Kumar, the desperation is visible in the jobs educated Indians are willing to apply for.”The real issue is the lack of decent employment opportunities. We saw this clearly in Uttar Pradesh in 2017, when more than two lakh people applied for peon posts. Many applicants held qualifications such as PhDs, MTech, BTech, MCom and BCom degrees. When highly educated people apply for peon jobs, it shows they are unable to find work that matches their qualifications,” he said.AI adds a new challengeEven as India grapples with creating quality jobs, technological change is reshaping the employment landscape. A government-backed research group estimates that artificial intelligence could displace around three million managerial and coding jobs by the end of this decade.Automation is expected to reduce demand for routine white-collar work at a time when India is producing record numbers of engineering and technology graduates.Overseas opportunities are also becoming more limited. Tighter immigration policies in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia have reduced opportunities for skilled Indian professionals.For decades, migration acted as a safety valve for India’s educated workforce. That pathway is becoming increasingly uncertain.”Many young Indians even leave the country in search of better opportunities. Some spend lakhs of rupees to migrate, while others take illegal routes because they see very few prospects at home. In many cases, they still end up doing low-paying or menial jobs abroad. That reflects the level of desperation created by the lack of opportunities in India,”Kumar noted on the brain-drain situation in India.India’s demographic dividend at a crossroadsIndia possesses one of the world’s youngest populations, a demographic advantage that economists have long viewed as one of the country’s greatest strengths.A growing working-age population has the potential to accelerate economic growth, boost productivity and expand domestic consumption.But demographic dividends are never automatic. They depend on whether an economy can generate enough productive employment for the millions entering the labour market every year.Research suggests that India’s employment intensity of growth, the ability of economic expansion to generate jobs has steadily declined over the past four decades.When NEET became the tipping pointAgainst this backdrop, the NEET-UG 2026 paper leak became much more than an examination controversy. Millions of students spend months and often years preparing for the country’s most competitive entrance examinations.Families invest heavily in coaching classes, relocate to education hubs and, in many cases, students take gap years in pursuit of a medical seat.When allegations emerged that the examination paper had been leaked and sold before the test, the issue struck at the heart of a system that already demanded enormous financial and emotional investment.The government cancelled the examination, handed the investigation to the Central Bureau of Investigation and ordered a re-examination.For lakhs of aspirants, particularly those from middle- and lower-income households, the cancellation meant far more than repeating a test. It meant another year of uncertainty after months of preparation and considerable financial sacrifice.Some students performed worse in the re-examination. Others worried they had lost their best chance of securing admission. Reports of severe psychological stress and alleged student suicides linked to the controversy further intensified public anger.What began as protests against examination irregularities gradually evolved into a wider movement about education, unemployment and shrinking opportunities.It was in this atmosphere that the Cockroach Janta Party found resonance among young Indians. Initially known for satirical social media posts, the movement soon expanded into organised protests questioning paper leaks, unemployment, inflation and what participants described as the growing disconnect between educational aspirations and employment opportunities.The group’s unusual symbol, the cockroach, captured widespread attention.The insect represented resilience, survival and invisibility, mirroring how many young people felt overlooked despite years of education and preparation. Eventually, the protests became one of the biggest youth movements witnessed in recent years.The protests exposed far more than frustration over one examination. They revealed a widening disconnect between education, employment and economic expectations.Economist Arun Kumar says unemployment extends far beyond those who are officially counted as jobless. “Youth unemployment, particularly among those aged 15 to 29, is extremely high, and the situation is especially difficult for women. There are different forms of unemployment. First, there are those actively looking for work but unable to find it. Second, there are people who are technically employed but only in low-paid, part-time or menial jobs that do not provide a decent livelihood,” he said.”Third, there is disguised unemployment, where people appear to be working but contribute little to productive economic activity. Finally, there are those who have stopped looking for work altogether because they have lost hope. Women are disproportionately represented in this last category. Female labour force participation in India remains much lower than in many other major economies, which means many women are no longer even counted among active job seekers,” he added.Over the past few decades, India has dramatically expanded access to higher education, produced record numbers of graduates and remained one of the world’s fastest-growing major economies.But the growth in quality jobs has failed to keep pace with the growing pool of educated youth. For many young Indians, securing a degree no longer guarantees a stable career or upward social mobility.Join conversationView All Comments →Share your thoughts in the commentsInsightfulAgreeDisagreeSkepticalConcerningPromisingWorth ReadingBig DevelopmentPost CommentBe respectful · TOI community guidelinesThat gap between aspirations and opportunities lies at the heart of the growing frustration. For millions of students, the question is no longer just whether examinations are conducted fairly. It is whether years of education, expensive coaching, repeated attempts at competitive exams and immense financial sacrifices will eventually lead to a secure, well-paying job. Without that, the frustrations exposed by such protests are likely to persist long after the headlines fade.Get the latest India News and Live updates. Download the TOI app.About the AuthorKanchan YadavKanchan Yadav is a writer at The Times of India, where she covers business, politics, international affairs and social issues. Her reporting also focuses on policy, governance and economic developments, with a close lens on how decisions in corridors of power affect everyday lives and community well-being.Read MoreEnd of ArticleFollow Us On Social MediaVideos‘Mekedatu Dam Is Permanent Solution’: Karnataka CM Shivakumar After All-Party Meet On Cauvery Water’₹18 Crore Stolen Every Year’ At Mumbai’s Siddhivinayak Temple: Raj Thackeray’s Donation Theft Claim‘Enemy Nations Conspiring To Hurt India’: PM Modi During ‘Nasha Mukt Yuva’ Campaign LaunchIndian Navy Launches Final Diving Support Craft, Completes Indigenous Five Ship ProgrammeMother Of Noida Teen Seeks Protection, FIR Withdrawal After PM Modi’s Appeal For Compassion’Why Do Killings Happen When…’: Farooq Abdullah’s Remarks On Kulgam Terror Attack Spark BJP-NC RowRam Temple Skit Row: Rahul Gandhi, Pappu Yadav, Awadhesh Prasad BookedPaper Leak Law Passed, But Can Tougher Punishment Alone Stop India’s Endless Exam Leak Crisis?’Pakistan-Based Handles, Suvendu On Target’: Bengal STF Uncovers Shocking ‘Jaish Module”PM Has The Audacity Of Forgiving’: Rahul Gandhi Slams Modi’s Video On Jantar Mantar ‘Abuses’123PhotostoriesLung cancer isn’t just a smoker’s disease: Doctor explains how air pollution, genetics, and everyday exposures may quietly increase your risk7 incredible hair spa benefits that will actually transform your locksBrain teaser: Only sharp eyes can spot 1 out of 20 giraffes without a twin in 10 seconds in this safari landscapeMenstrual struggles nobody prepares young girls for: Doctor explains the symptoms that shouldn’t be dismissed as ‘part of growing up’7 things worth letting go of before the year comes to an endJanhvi Kapoor served four bridesmaid looks and every wedding guest just got fashion anxietyThe science behind tadka and why this simple technique does more than add flavour5 best ways to make money as a student in India without affecting your studies5 Succulent plants perfect for small indoor gardensKatrina Kaif’s makeup artist Daniel Bauer reveals the right way to clean your makeup brushes123Hot PicksHurricane IrmaRuchika SinghRRB Group D Admit CardNEET selective edit windowCommonwealth Games LiveUS work permit feeE20 petrol debateAssam floodsKanwar Yatra 2026Top TrendingMohammad Hamim MondalWeather TomorrowArpita SarkarAbhijeet Dipke Family FinancesPM ModiNoida Woman ArrestAmit ShahKulgam Terror AttackMumbai Building CollapseStock Market Up

This is a representative AI image (Chatgpt) Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis transformed an ordinary man into a giant insect to explore alienation, helplessness and the dehumanising pressures of modern life.More than a century later, India’s self-styled Cockroach Janta Party (CJP) has adopted a similarly unsettling symbol, not to tell a work of fiction, but to express the frustrations of a generation increasingly unsure whether years of education, expensive coaching and relentless competition will ever translate into a stable job.What began as a social media sensation with a strong and straightforward satirical structure, quickly evolved into one of the country’s biggest youth-led movements in recent years.Calling itself the “voice of the lazy and unemployed,” the movement grew from memes mocking joblessness, paper leaks, inflation and the political establishment into street protests.The protest may have become a trigger for a generation already grappling with shrinking employment opportunities, rising educational costs and growing uncertainty about the future.And at its heart lies a simple question: what happens when an economy produces millions of graduates every year but fails to create enough quality jobs?According to veteran economist Arun Kumar, a retired professor at JNU, “This unemployment crisis has created a huge gap between expectations and reality.””Young people earn degrees believing they will secure good jobs, but when those jobs do not materialise, they continue preparing for competitive examinations year after year. Many take these exams four, five or even six times because they still hope to secure an organised sector job. Their parents also encourage them because they know such jobs offer stable salaries and social security,” he said.“But the increasing privatisation of education has intensified competition. Coaching institutes want to showcase high success rates because that is their biggest selling point. That creates incentives for unethical practices, including paper leaks. The greater the privatisation, the greater the pressure to resort to illegal methods to ensure students succeed. Fake degrees, cheating and question paper leaks are all symptoms of a much deeper problem. They are linked to unemployment and the shortage of quality jobs in the organised sector,” he added. India’s employment challengeIndia has spent decades expanding access to higher education. Universities have multiplied, enrollment has surged and millions of families have invested heavily in degrees, viewing education as the surest path to upward mobility.The numbers tell a remarkable story. According to the State of Working India 2026 report by Azim Premji University, the number of young graduates in India increased nearly 13-fold, rising from around 5 million in 1983 to 63 million in 2023.But while the supply of graduates has grown rapidly, employment opportunities have not kept pace.The report estimates that graduate unemployment among people below the age of 25 is now close to 40%, while graduates accounted for nearly two-thirds of India’s unemployed population in 2023.Even more striking is the rise in the number of unemployed graduates, which has increased from less than one million in 1983 to around 11 million in 2023, a 16-fold increase over four decades.The mismatch between education and employment has widened steadily since the mid-2000s as higher education expanded much faster than the creation of quality jobs. For millions of families, earning a college degree no longer guarantees stable employment or financial security.Recent government data suggest that the challenge is becoming even more severe.According to the government’s flagship Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), unemployment among Indians aged 15 to 29 rose to 16.2% in June, the highest level recorded since monthly estimates became available in April 2025. At that time, youth unemployment stood at 13.8%.The ministry of statistics and programme implementation (MoSPI) has cautioned that monthly figures may fluctuate because of seasonal factors, academic cycles and the increased frequency of surveys. Even so, the latest numbers are significant because they fit into a broader pattern rather than representing an isolated spike. Youth unemployment has increased across all six categories tracked by the survey, urban and rural areas, men and women alike, during the 15 months for which monthly data are available.At the same time, the Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) among young people has declined from 42.7% to 40.3%. In simple terms, fewer young people are actively looking for work.Ordinarily, such a decline would be expected to reduce unemployment because fewer people are participating in the labour market. Instead, unemployment has continued to rise, suggesting that the economy is not generating enough opportunities even for the shrinking pool of job seekers.Annual PLFS data reinforce the same trend. Between 2022 and 2025, youth unemployment increased in 13 states and Union Territories, including Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Telangana and West Bengal.The situation appears even more challenging for young women, with unemployment rising across 16 states and Union Territories during the same period.Taken together, the figures suggest that youth unemployment is becoming a structural challenge rather than a temporary fluctuation.The problem isn’t just unemployment, it’s job qualityHeadline unemployment figures often fail to capture the deeper challenges within India’s labour market. Many graduates do find work, but not necessarily the kind of work they expected after spending years in higher education.Economist Arun Kumar said that the root of the problem is the sharp divide between India’s organised and unorganised sectors.”When unemployment rises, it inevitably leads to greater conflict because there are too few jobs for too many people. In India, this problem is even more pronounced because the unorganised sector employs around 94% of the workforce, while the organised sector employs only about 6%. The difference in wages and job security between these two sectors is enormous. A courier delivery worker may earn around Rs 10,000-12,000 a month, whereas a postman can earn around Rs 70,000. Naturally, nobody wants to lose an organised sector job, and everyone wants to secure one. That intense competition creates immense pressure,” he added. An analysis of India’s Periodic Labour Force Survey illustrates this disconnect. Out of every 100 graduates aged between 15 and 29, only 50 are employed, 15 remain unemployed while actively searching for work, and the remaining 35 are outside the labour force altogether.Some continue their education. Others perform unpaid domestic work or have simply stopped looking for employment after repeated disappointments.Even among those who are employed, the quality of jobs remains a major concern. Only 26 out of every 100 graduates have regular salaried jobs. More strikingly, just four hold formal jobs that provide written contracts, paid leave and social security benefits.The remaining graduates are spread across self-employment, unpaid family work, casual labour and small household enterprises. Many earn irregular incomes and lack job security despite years spent pursuing higher education.The figures highlight a growing reality in India’s labour market: employment alone is no longer an adequate measure of economic well-being. The challenge is increasingly about the availability of secure, productive and reasonably paid jobs.Why educated youth feel left behindThe employment crisis begins long before students enter the labour market. Competition for limited seats in prestigious colleges has transformed education itself into an expensive investment.Government survey data show that Indian households now spend a significantly larger share of their education budgets on private coaching than they did seven years ago.The sharpest increase has been among higher secondary students preparing for engineering, medical and university entrance examinations.Families now spend nearly one-fourth of their higher secondary education budgets on coaching, compared with about 18% in 2018.Private coaching expenses have also increased steadily across primary, middle and secondary education, reflecting a growing belief that classroom teaching alone is no longer sufficient to compete in high-stakes entrance examinations.The pressure becomes particularly visible in engineering education. India had around 4.4 million undergraduate engineering students during the 2023-24 academic year. Yet the country’s top 100 engineering institutions together offered only about 500,000 seats.In effect, only one in nine engineering students can study at an institution widely regarded as offering strong placements and better career prospects.Students who fail to secure admission to elite institutions often graduate from colleges with weaker placement records, making it significantly harder to obtain well-paying jobs.The widening gap between educational aspirations and employment outcomes has created growing frustration among young people. The traditional promise that more education automatically leads to better employment is becoming increasingly uncertain.According to the State of Working India 2026 report, fewer than 7% of male graduates secure a permanent salaried job within one year of graduating. The figure is even lower, just 3.7%, when it comes to white-collar jobs.Using data from the PLFS and the earlier Employment-Unemployment Survey, the report estimates that 1.1 crore out of India’s 6.3 crore graduates aged between 20 and 29 were unemployed in 2023.Graduate unemployment itself is not a new phenomenon. The report estimates that unemployment among graduates below the age of 25 increased from 35.02% in 1983 to 39.33% in 2023.What has changed, however, is the scale of the problem. India now produces far more graduates than ever before, while simultaneously entering the most important phase of its demographic transition.The country’s median age currently stands at around 29 years and is expected to rise to 38 years by 2050.This is the period during which India’s working-age population is expected to drive economic growth. If the economy fails to generate enough productive employment during this demographic window, the much-discussed demographic dividend could gradually turn into a demographic challenge.India’s employment paradoxIndia today is one of the world’s fastest-growing major economies. Even amid geopolitical tensions, volatile oil prices and slowing global trade, the country has continued to post robust GDP growth and position itself as a manufacturing and investment hub.The government has invested heavily in highways, airports, railways, ports and digital infrastructure. Global technology companies such as Apple have expanded manufacturing in India, electronics exports have surged and semiconductor investments are beginning to gather pace. Policymakers increasingly see manufacturing as the sector that can absorb millions of workers and turn India’s demographic advantage into sustained economic growth.Yet for many young Indians entering the labour market, this optimism feels distant. The central contradiction facing the Indian economy is that rapid economic growth has not translated into an equivalent expansion in quality employment. Economists often describe this phenomenon as “jobless growth”, an economy that continues to grow without creating enough secure and productive jobs.India’s challenge is especially daunting because nearly eight million graduates enter the labour market every year. Generating employment for such a large number of educated young people has become one of the country’s biggest economic challenges.This gap between economic growth and employment opportunities lies at the heart of the frustration that has fuelled recent youth protests.Is India creating enough jobs?Whether India is creating enough jobs depends largely on which dataset is examined. The Reserve Bank of India’s KLEMS database estimated that the economy generated 4.7 crore jobs during 2023-24, the highest annual increase in more than four decades.However, labour economists caution against looking at headline employment numbers alone.Employment estimates differ across official surveys because they use different methodologies. More importantly, the definition of employment itself often masks the underlying quality of jobs being created.For instance, India’s labour surveys classify a person as employed if they have worked even for a few days during the reference period. Likewise, unpaid family workers and subsistence self-employed individuals are counted as employed despite earning little or no regular income.As a result, headline employment figures may paint a healthier picture than what many young workers experience in reality. Increasingly, economists argue that the more important question is no longer how many jobs India is creating, but what kind of jobs they are.The informal sector is slowing tooFor decades, India’s informal economy acted as a safety valve for the labour market. Workers unable to secure formal employment often found opportunities in small businesses, family enterprises, retail trade or self-employment.However, even this safety net appears to be weakening.According to the ministry of statistics and programme implementation’s latest Annual Survey of Unincorporated Sector Enterprises (ASUSE), the informal sector generated around 74.5 lakh jobs in 2025, significantly lower than the 1.1 crore jobs created during the previous survey period ending September 2024.Wage growth has also slowed sharply. Average wage growth in the sector declined to 3.9%, compared with 13% previously, suggesting that even workers who manage to find employment are seeing slower improvements in earnings.The figures reinforce concerns that employment opportunities are weakening across both formal and informal sectors, making it increasingly difficult for young people to find stable livelihoods.India’s employment quality lags behind peersIndia’s labour market also differs from many comparable economies because of the quality of employment available.International comparisons reveal another structural weakness: the quality of employment. Labour market studies show that around 93% of employed workers in Russia hold regular jobs. The share is about 68% in Brazil, 54% in China and 42% in Bangladesh, the PLFS 2022-23 & Jan-Mar 2024 data reported.In India, by contrast, only about 23% of workers are in regular salaried employment.This means that nearly three-fourths of Indian workers remain outside the formal sector, without written contracts, paid leave, provident fund benefits or social security.The shortage of secure employment also explains the extraordinary demand for government jobs. Whether it is railways, banking, the armed forces, civil services or state recruitment examinations, millions of candidates compete for relatively few vacancies because government employment still offers something much of the private sector cannot consistently provide stability.A government job often brings predictable salaries, pensions, housing allowances, healthcare benefits and long-term security.For many young Indians, particularly those from middle- and lower-income households, these jobs represent far more than employment. They represent financial stability for entire families.According to Kumar, the desperation is visible in the jobs educated Indians are willing to apply for.”The real issue is the lack of decent employment opportunities. We saw this clearly in Uttar Pradesh in 2017, when more than two lakh people applied for peon posts. Many applicants held qualifications such as PhDs, MTech, BTech, MCom and BCom degrees. When highly educated people apply for peon jobs, it shows they are unable to find work that matches their qualifications,” he said.AI adds a new challengeEven as India grapples with creating quality jobs, technological change is reshaping the employment landscape. A government-backed research group estimates that artificial intelligence could displace around three million managerial and coding jobs by the end of this decade.Automation is expected to reduce demand for routine white-collar work at a time when India is producing record numbers of engineering and technology graduates.Overseas opportunities are also becoming more limited. Tighter immigration policies in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia have reduced opportunities for skilled Indian professionals.For decades, migration acted as a safety valve for India’s educated workforce. That pathway is becoming increasingly uncertain.”Many young Indians even leave the country in search of better opportunities. Some spend lakhs of rupees to migrate, while others take illegal routes because they see very few prospects at home. In many cases, they still end up doing low-paying or menial jobs abroad. That reflects the level of desperation created by the lack of opportunities in India,”Kumar noted on the brain-drain situation in India.India’s demographic dividend at a crossroadsIndia possesses one of the world’s youngest populations, a demographic advantage that economists have long viewed as one of the country’s greatest strengths.A growing working-age population has the potential to accelerate economic growth, boost productivity and expand domestic consumption.But demographic dividends are never automatic. They depend on whether an economy can generate enough productive employment for the millions entering the labour market every year.Research suggests that India’s employment intensity of growth, the ability of economic expansion to generate jobs has steadily declined over the past four decades.When NEET became the tipping pointAgainst this backdrop, the NEET-UG 2026 paper leak became much more than an examination controversy. Millions of students spend months and often years preparing for the country’s most competitive entrance examinations.Families invest heavily in coaching classes, relocate to education hubs and, in many cases, students take gap years in pursuit of a medical seat.When allegations emerged that the examination paper had been leaked and sold before the test, the issue struck at the heart of a system that already demanded enormous financial and emotional investment.The government cancelled the examination, handed the investigation to the Central Bureau of Investigation and ordered a re-examination.For lakhs of aspirants, particularly those from middle- and lower-income households, the cancellation meant far more than repeating a test. It meant another year of uncertainty after months of preparation and considerable financial sacrifice.Some students performed worse in the re-examination. Others worried they had lost their best chance of securing admission. Reports of severe psychological stress and alleged student suicides linked to the controversy further intensified public anger.What began as protests against examination irregularities gradually evolved into a wider movement about education, unemployment and shrinking opportunities.It was in this atmosphere that the Cockroach Janta Party found resonance among young Indians. Initially known for satirical social media posts, the movement soon expanded into organised protests questioning paper leaks, unemployment, inflation and what participants described as the growing disconnect between educational aspirations and employment opportunities.The group’s unusual symbol, the cockroach, captured widespread attention.The insect represented resilience, survival and invisibility, mirroring how many young people felt overlooked despite years of education and preparation. Eventually, the protests became one of the biggest youth movements witnessed in recent years.The protests exposed far more than frustration over one examination. They revealed a widening disconnect between education, employment and economic expectations.Economist Arun Kumar says unemployment extends far beyond those who are officially counted as jobless. “Youth unemployment, particularly among those aged 15 to 29, is extremely high, and the situation is especially difficult for women. There are different forms of unemployment. First, there are those actively looking for work but unable to find it. Second, there are people who are technically employed but only in low-paid, part-time or menial jobs that do not provide a decent livelihood,” he said.”Third, there is disguised unemployment, where people appear to be working but contribute little to productive economic activity. Finally, there are those who have stopped looking for work altogether because they have lost hope. Women are disproportionately represented in this last category. Female labour force participation in India remains much lower than in many other major economies, which means many women are no longer even counted among active job seekers,” he added.Over the past few decades, India has dramatically expanded access to higher education, produced record numbers of graduates and remained one of the world’s fastest-growing major economies.But the growth in quality jobs has failed to keep pace with the growing pool of educated youth. For many young Indians, securing a degree no longer guarantees a stable career or upward social mobility.Join conversationView All Comments →Share your thoughts in the commentsInsightfulAgreeDisagreeSkepticalConcerningPromisingWorth ReadingBig DevelopmentPost CommentBe respectful · TOI community guidelinesThat gap between aspirations and opportunities lies at the heart of the growing frustration. For millions of students, the question is no longer just whether examinations are conducted fairly. It is whether years of education, expensive coaching, repeated attempts at competitive exams and immense financial sacrifices will eventually lead to a secure, well-paying job. Without that, the frustrations exposed by such protests are likely to persist long after the headlines fade.Get the latest India News and Live updates. Download the TOI app.About the AuthorKanchan YadavKanchan Yadav is a writer at The Times of India, where she covers business, politics, international affairs and social issues. Her reporting also focuses on policy, governance and economic developments, with a close lens on how decisions in corridors of power affect everyday lives and community well-being.Read MoreEnd of ArticleFollow Us On Social MediaVideos‘Mekedatu Dam Is Permanent Solution’: Karnataka CM Shivakumar After All-Party Meet On Cauvery Water’₹18 Crore Stolen Every Year’ At Mumbai’s Siddhivinayak Temple: Raj Thackeray’s Donation Theft Claim‘Enemy Nations Conspiring To Hurt India’: PM Modi During ‘Nasha Mukt Yuva’ Campaign LaunchIndian Navy Launches Final Diving Support Craft, Completes Indigenous Five Ship ProgrammeMother Of Noida Teen Seeks Protection, FIR Withdrawal After PM Modi’s Appeal For Compassion’Why Do Killings Happen When…’: Farooq Abdullah’s Remarks On Kulgam Terror Attack Spark BJP-NC RowRam Temple Skit Row: Rahul Gandhi, Pappu Yadav, Awadhesh Prasad BookedPaper Leak Law Passed, But Can Tougher Punishment Alone Stop India’s Endless Exam Leak Crisis?’Pakistan-Based Handles, Suvendu On Target’: Bengal STF Uncovers Shocking ‘Jaish Module”PM Has The Audacity Of Forgiving’: Rahul Gandhi Slams Modi’s Video On Jantar Mantar ‘Abuses’123PhotostoriesLung cancer isn’t just a smoker’s disease: Doctor explains how air pollution, genetics, and everyday exposures may quietly increase your risk7 incredible hair spa benefits that will actually transform your locksBrain teaser: Only sharp eyes can spot 1 out of 20 giraffes without a twin in 10 seconds in this safari landscapeMenstrual struggles nobody prepares young girls for: Doctor explains the symptoms that shouldn’t be dismissed as ‘part of growing up’7 things worth letting go of before the year comes to an endJanhvi Kapoor served four bridesmaid looks and every wedding guest just got fashion anxietyThe science behind tadka and why this simple technique does more than add flavour5 best ways to make money as a student in India without affecting your studies5 Succulent plants perfect for small indoor gardensKatrina Kaif’s makeup artist Daniel Bauer reveals the right way to clean your makeup brushes123Hot PicksHurricane IrmaRuchika SinghRRB Group D Admit CardNEET selective edit windowCommonwealth Games LiveUS work permit feeE20 petrol debateAssam floodsKanwar Yatra 2026Top TrendingMohammad Hamim MondalWeather TomorrowArpita SarkarAbhijeet Dipke Family FinancesPM ModiNoida Woman ArrestAmit ShahKulgam Terror AttackMumbai Building CollapseStock Market Up

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